In most CNC machines, the machine itself has to be taught where it is upon switch on, in other words you 'home' the machine's axis, some are just simple limits, other methods if the machine has encoders, is to recognize a marker pulse on the encoder and set this as a certain point in space, the home position can either be set to zero or an actual distance or dimension can be automatically entered. The machine will then know where it is in space and can move accordingly, it will keep track as to where it is, either by the number of steps (stepper) or encoder count in the case of servo's.
In the case of interpolated moves, the motion control processor does the actual arithmetic to control the coordinated move.
Al
CNC, Mechatronics Integration and Custom Machine Design
“Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere.”
Albert E.